From Baremetal to RTOS: A review of scheduling techniques
Transitioning from bare-metal embedded software development to a real-time operating system (RTOS) can be a difficult endeavor. Many developers struggle with the question of whether they should use an RTOS or simply use a bare-metal scheduler....
Working with Microchip PIC 8-bit Interrupts
This fifth and final post of the Getting Started with Microchip PIC 8 Bit Development series looks at interrupts on 8-bit PIC microcontrollers. After a review of basic interrupt functionality, actual implementation is explored through implementation of a four bit counter driven via Timer0 interrupts whose value is displayed through four LEDs on Microchip's Curiosity HPC Development Board.
OS influence on power consumption
Power consumption of an embedded system may be influenced in software in general, but selection of an operating system can be key.
BusyBox; The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
In this article we cover the BusyBox, how it's designed to be optimized for embedded targets, and how to configure and build it in different ways, we also covered the license and limitation, which led to the development of ToyBox, I hope you enjoyed the article, please leave a comment for any correction or suggestions.
How to Build a Fixed-Point PI Controller That Just Works: Part II
In Part I we talked about some of the issues around discrete-time proportional-integral (PI) controllers: various forms and whether to use the canonical form for z-transforms (don't do it!) order of operation in the integral term: whether to...
MSP430 Launchpad Tutorial - Part 2 - Interrupts and timers
What is an "interrupt"? It is a signal that informs our MCU that a certain event has happened, causing the interruption of the normal flow of the main program and the execution of an "interrupt routine", that handles the event and takes a...
An absolute position encoder VHDL core
Let's consider motorized systems controlled by electronics. A closed loop architecture looks like this:
C to C++: 5 Tips for Refactoring C Code into C++
The article titled "Simple Tips to Refactor C Code into C++: Improve Embedded Development" provides essential guidance for embedded developers transitioning from C to C++. The series covers fundamental details necessary for a seamless transition and emphasizes utilizing C++ as a better C rather than diving into complex language features. The article introduces five practical tips for refactoring C code into C++. Replace #define with constexpr and const: Discouraging the use of #define macros, the article advocates for safer alternatives like constexpr and const to improve type safety, debugging, namespaces, and compile-time computation. Use Namespaces: Demonstrating the benefits of organizing code into separate logical groupings through namespaces, the article explains how namespaces help avoid naming conflicts and improve code readability. Replace C-style Pointers with Smart Pointers and References: Emphasizing the significance of avoiding raw pointers, the article suggests replacing them with C++ smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr) and using references
Working With ESP-C3-32S-Kit Dev Board
Introduction The ESP-C3-32S-Kit is a small dev board made by Ai.Thinker, containing an ESP-C3-32S SoC module, supporting WiFi and BLE: Development for the board uses the Espressif IoT Development Framework...
Mastering Modern FPGA Skills for Engineers
In the rapidly evolving tech industry, engineers must acquire proficiency in modern FPGA skills. These skills empower engineers to optimize designs, minimize resource usage, and efficiently address FPGA design challenges while ensuring functionality, security, and compliance.
Open-Source Licenses Made Easy with Buildroot and Yocto for Embedded Linux
In this article I will try to explain what are the copyrights/copyleft, what are the popular opensource software licenses, and how to make sure that your Embedded Linux system complies with them using popular build systems ; Buildroot or YOCTO projec
There are 10 kinds of people in the world
It is useful, in embedded software, to be able to specify values in binary. The C language lacks this facility. In this blog we look at how to fix that.
Getting Started With Zephyr: Devicetree Overlays
In this blog post, I show how the Devicetree overlay is a valuable construct in The Zephyr Project RTOS. Overlays allow embedded software engineers to override the default pin configuration specified in Zephyr for a particular board. In this blog post, I use I2C as an example. Specifically, I showed the default I2C pins used for the nRF52840 development kit in the nominal Zephyr Devicetree. Then, I demonstrated how an overlay can be used to override this pin configuration and the final result.
Embedded Developers, Ditch Your IDEs – Here’s Why!
Ditching your Integrated Development Environment (IDE) temporarily can be a transformative learning experience in embedded development. This post invites you to explore the underpinnings of IDEs by delving into alternative tools and processes like Makefile, CMake, Vim, GDB, and OpenOCD. Understanding these tools can demystify the background operations of IDEs, revealing the intricacies of compiling, linking, and debugging. This journey into the “under the hood” aspects of development is not just about learning new tools, but also about gaining a deeper appreciation for the convenience and efficiency that IDEs provide. By stepping out of your comfort zone and experimenting with these alternatives, you can sharpen your skills, enhance your knowledge, and possibly discover a more tailored and streamlined development experience. Whether you're a novice or a seasoned developer, this exploration promises insights and revelations that can elevate your embedded development journey.
C to C++: Using Abstract Interfaces to Create Hardware Abstraction Layers (HAL)
In C to C++, we've been exploring how to transition from a C developer to a C++ developer when working in embedded system. In this post, we will explore how to leverage classes to create hardware abstraction layers (HAL). You'll learn about the various inheritance mechanisms, what an virtual function is, and how to create an abstract class.
Are We Shooting Ourselves in the Foot with Stack Overflow?
Most traditional, beaten-path memory layouts allocate the stack space above the data sections in RAM, even though the stack grows “down” (towards the lower memory addresses) in most embedded processors. This arrangement puts your program data in the path of destruction of a stack overflow. In other words, you violate the first Gun Safety Rule (ALWAYS keep the gun pointed in a safe direction!) and you end up shooting yourself in the foot. This article shows how to locate the stack at the BEGINNING of RAM and thus point it in the "safe" direction.
nRF5 to nRF Connect SDK migration via DFU over BLE
This writeup contains some notes on how I was able to migrate one of my clients projects based on the nRF5 SDK, to nRF Connect SDK (NCS) based firmware, via a DFU to devices in the field over BLE.
Dumb Embedded System Mistakes: Running The Wrong Code
Contents Introduction The Mistake Causes The Strategy Marking Embedded Linux Rootfs Overlay Files To Mark Marker Lines Script C/C++ Source Modifications Linux...
Advice For High School Students
Contents Introduction My Education Experience My Career Experience My Advice Study Habits Continuous Learning Math Hands-On Try It Out Soft Skills ...
OOKLONE: a cheap RF 433.92MHz OOK frame cloner
Introduction A few weeks ago, I bought a set of cheap wireless outlets and reimplemented the protocol for further inclusion in a domotics platform. I wrote a post about it here: http://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/620.php Following...
Donald Knuth Is the Root of All Premature Optimization
This article is about something profound that a brilliant young professor at Stanford wrote nearly 45 years ago, and now we’re all stuck with it. TL;DR The idea, basically, is that even though optimization of computer software to execute...
Using a RTLSDR dongle to validate NRF905 configuration
I am currently working on a system to monitor the garage door status from my flat. Both places are 7 floors apart, and I need to send the data wirelessly. I chose to operate on the 433MHz carrier, and I ordered 2 PTR8000...
Data Types for Control & DSP
There's a lot of information out there on what data types to use for digital signal processing, but there's also a lot of confusion, so the topic bears repeating.I recently posted an entry on PID control. In that article I glossed over the data...
How to Deploy Local LLMs for Embedded Software Development: Hardware Selection and Trade-offs
In this post, I map the LLM terminology covered in the previous post to real hardware decisions. I walk through memory sizing depending on different parameters, the core trade-off between discrete GPU VRAM and unified memory. Finally, I describe a workflow to help you identify which setup is right for your workflow.
My device crashed in the field. How do I figure out why?
Embedded systems often crash in the field, leaving developers with nothing more than a disconnected device and zero visibility into the cause. When traditional debugging is impossible, coredumps provide the essential post-mortem data required to reconstruct the system’s final moments. Learn how to configure Zephyr RTOS and the Spotflow SDK to automatically capture, store, and analyze critical crash information—including stack traces, CPU registers, and variable states—remotely. Mastering this workflow allows you to diagnose and resolve elusive firmware faults long after a device has rebooted, transforming your remote debugging capabilities.
Your architecture was decided before you opened the schematic
Engineering teams often treat requirements as a simple feature checklist, but they actually hold the blueprint for your software architecture. By analyzing constraints collectively rather than in isolation, you can define critical architectural patterns—such as task scheduling and abstraction levels—long before the first schematic is drawn. This proactive approach eliminates wasted complexity, reduces development time, and allows software needs to inform hardware choices early in the cycle. Discover how to shift your design mindset to build lean, purposeful systems that align perfectly with business objectives from day one.
Quickfire Heuristics: A Fast Usability Evaluation Framework for Lean Hardware Teams
That device with the single LED that requires you to count blink patterns just to understand system status. The button you must hold for 8 seconds, which also performs four other actions depending on hold duration. These are not accidents of negligence; they are the predictable output of development processes that have no rigorous usability evaluation component. Usability tends to slip through the gaps of standard engineering reviews, surfacing late, when design flexibility is already gone. This article introduces a framework that adapts Jakob Nielsen's Ten Usability Heuristics, for hardware and embedded systems, translating each principle into concrete evaluation questions for physical interfaces, firmware state machines, constrained displays, and cross-layer interactions. Using a smartwatch as the running example, it also introduces a structured session format, maps the framework to key lifecycle stages, and extends it to manufacturing, test, and field service contexts.
