Beyond the RTOS: A Better Way to Design Real-Time Embedded Software
An RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) is the most universally accepted way of designing and implementing embedded software. It is the most sought after component of any system that outgrows the venerable "superloop". But it is also the design...
Data Types for Control & DSP
There's a lot of information out there on what data types to use for digital signal processing, but there's also a lot of confusion, so the topic bears repeating.I recently posted an entry on PID control. In that article I glossed over the data...
Embedded Firmware Refactoring, Optimisation and Migration
Legacy products are often based on older hardware platforms which often become under-powered or run out of memory which constrains further product development. Customers are always looking for new features and improved performance but...
Basic Sensors for an Autonomous Vehicle
●1 commentThe following are a few basic sensors that can be used to help an autonomous vehicle navigate its environment.The faster the vehicle is traveling, the faster the sensor must be processed. Moving vehicles could knock something over or...
3 Good News
Good News #1 Last week, I announced a new and ambitious reward program that will be funded by the new Vendors Directory. This week, I am happy to announce that we have our firsts two sponsors! Quantum Leaps & Abelon Systems have...
Cutting Through the Confusion with ARM Cortex-M Interrupt Priorities
●1 commentThe insanely popular ARM Cortex-M processor offers very versatile interrupt priority management, but unfortunately, the multiple priority numbering conventions used in managing the interrupt priorities are often counter-intuitive, inconsistent,...
The New Forum is LIVE!
After months of hard word, I am very excited to introduce to you the new forum interface. Here are the key features:1- Easily add images to a post by drag & dropping the images in the editor2- Easily attach files to a...
Cortex-M Exception Handling (Part 2)
●1 commentThe first part of this article described the conditions for an exception request to be accepted by a Cortex-M processor, mainly concerning the relationship of its priority with respect to the current execution priority. This...
Analyzing the Linker Map file with a little help from the ELF and the DWARF
●4 commentsWhen you're writing firmware, there always comes a time when you need to check the resources consumed by your efforts - perhaps because you're running out of RAM or Flash or you want to optimize something. The map file generated by your linker is...
Coding Step 4 - Design
Articles in this series: Coding Step 0 - Development Environments Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles Coding Step 2 - Source Control Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements Coding Step 4 - Design The last article in...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - More On Interrupts
[quicklinks] A Little More Detail About The Interrupt Mechanism It's time to look a little closer at what happens in an interrupt request and response. Again this is in general terms, and different microcontroller designs may do...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - Interrupts
●1 comment[quicklinks] It's Too Soon To Talk About Interrupts! That, at least, could be one reaction to this chapter. But over the years I've become convinced that new microcontroller programmers should understand interrupts before being...
Byte and Switch (Part 1)
●1 commentImagine for a minute you have an electromagnet, and a microcontroller, and you want to use the microcontroller to turn the electromagnet on and off. Sounds pretty typical, right?We ask this question on our interviews of entry-level electrical...
Make Hardware Great Again
By now you're aware of the collective angst in the US about 5G. Why is the US not a leader in 5G ? Could that also happen -- indeed, is it happening -- in AI ? If we lead in other areas, why not 5G ? What makes it so hard ? This...
Ten Little Algorithms, Part 1: Russian Peasant Multiplication
●1 commentThis blog needs some short posts to balance out the long ones, so I thought I’d cover some of the algorithms I’ve used over the years. Like the Euclidean algorithm and Extended Euclidean algorithm and Newton’s method —...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - Timers
●2 comments[quicklinks] Timers - Because "When" Matters Computer programs are odd things, for one reason because they have no concept of time. They may have the concept of sequential execution, but the time between instructions can be...
10 Circuit Components You Should Know
Chefs have their miscellaneous ingredients, like condensed milk, cream of tartar, and xanthan gum. As engineers, we too have quite our pick of circuits, and a good circuit designer should know what's out there. Not just the bread and butter...
How to Build a Fixed-Point PI Controller That Just Works: Part II
●4 commentsIn Part I we talked about some of the issues around discrete-time proportional-integral (PI) controllers: various forms and whether to use the canonical form for z-transforms (don't do it!) order of operation in the integral term: whether to...
C++ on microcontrollers 1 - introduction, and an output pin class
●11 commentsThis blog series is about the use of C++ for modern microcontrollers. My plan is to show the gradual development of a basic I/O library. I will introduce the object-oriented C++ features that are used step by step, to provide a...
Analog-to-Digital Confusion: Pitfalls of Driving an ADC
●2 commentsImagine the following scenario:You're a successful engineer (sounds nice, doesn't it!) working on a project with three or four circuit boards. More than even you can handle, so you give one of them over to your coworker Wayne to design....
