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lpc213x bootloader / FW upgrade sample code?

Started by jaybrinkmeyer July 27, 2006
Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup? I
found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.

Thanks,
Jay

An Engineer's Guide to the LPC2100 Series

--- In l..., "jaybrinkmeyer" wrote:
>
> Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
> bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup? I
> found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.

Any open source boot loader would go against Philips wish to keep
secret the internals of LPC variants visible though Boot Loader code.

Philips has refused permission to open up my source. Thus my free boot
loader is currently available only as a binary.

Jaya
--- In l..., "jaybrinkmeyer"
wrote:
>
> Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
> bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup?
I
> found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.
>
> Thanks,
> Jay
>

Jay,

I think the reason there's not much in the area is that it's very
specific to how each application works, what interfaces it has
available, how intelligent the loader has to be etc. etc.

The actual programming of the device is straightforward enough,
using the IAP calls. Look for "IAP" if you want examples of this.

My guess is that most people would use the following scheme for
firmward update:

- use the built-in loader for initial (i.e. factory) programming
- have a second stage loader (that never gets re-programed) as the
first program that runs
- have that loader figure out if it should reflash the device
(usually from some local storage)
- have the ability in the main application to download new image to
local storage

As for how the new image gets loaded (serial, USB, I2C, Ethernet,
wireless, etc.), where it gets loaded (direct to processor flash, to
intermediate storage such as EEPROM, serial flash, SD card etc.),
what error recover procedures are necessary is just so varied it's
not clear if a generic example would be much use. There's plenty of
examples of how to use each underlying interface.

Brendan.
jaybrinkmeyer wrote:

> Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
> bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup? I
> found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.
>
> Thanks,
> Jay
>

Yes, and it probably will remain that way, as a discussion and not as
examples. Mainly due to the unique nature of projects / applications
and the hardware available / strategy for the loader.

I have a loader which is multipurpose, it can be run from a command line
to do the initial programming of the loader into the LPC2136 and LPC2138
chips (host processors). The same source is compiled under arm-elf-gcc
(#ifdef __ARM__) to become the resident loader itself. This loader uses
the RDCF2 filesystem and SD / miniSD SPI cards to pull in the images.
One project only has an LPC2136, another has both an LP2138 and
LPC2106. In the dual core situation, the resident loader uses the ISP
calls to program the LPC2106, and IAP to program the host (LPC2138).
IAP calls are used on the LPC2136 variation.

The loader looks at a memory location in the Application Flash area to
find a signature, if the signature is there, it simply boots the app.
With a missing signature, or, a pin grounded to force the programming
cycle, the resident loader goes through the necessary motions to program
the system. The main application within the LPC2136 / LPC2138 hosts
will erase their Flash memory block containing the signature bytes, then
force a hard reset of the system, when the system comes up, the resident
loader programs the Flash as the signatures are now missing.

Some (most?) of the people on this list are hobbyists and are eager to
share their code with you, perhaps one of them would do so. Myself, I
am a consultant and sell what I write to customers, I am not so eager to
dump entire bodies of code I've spend months perfecting for public
view. Especially since a Dallas DS2505 security device is integrated
into that Bootloader...

I would suggest that you sit down, grab a pencil and start mapping out
where what resides. For my system, the resident bootloader is the first
body of code in Flash, it also has 3 4K Flash block within it for param
storage, etc. The boot loader occupies 96K, from 0x0..0x17FFF, the main
application runs from 0x18000..top of flash.

Concentrate on programming the application area of flash via IAP calls,
you will probably need an SD card or some other resource for the image.
You will need to study and change your linker script to locate the
various code sections into their proper areas. You will be writing two
entirely seperate, autonomous programs for this: bootloader and
application. For example, this is my linker scripts for one of the
projects:

======================= begin RESIDENT.ld =====================/***********************************************************************/
/* */
/* ROM.ld: Linker Script File */
/* */
/***********************************************************************/
SEARCH_DIR( ../libs )
SEARCH_DIR( ./)

ENTRY(_boot)

/* Memory Definitions */
/* */
/* Although Flash memory may move up / down, depending, */
/* the RAM is fixed as to allocation. */
/* ISP uses: 0x40000120-0x400001ff */
/* IAP uses: 0x40007fe0-0x40007fff */
/* IAP also uses up to 128bytes of user stack space. */
/* */
/* */
MEMORY
{
BOOTROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00000000, LENGTH = 0x00000fff
FLASHMEM (wi) : ORIGIN = 0x00001000, LENGTH = 0x00001fff
ROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00003000, LENGTH = 0x00014fff
USERROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00018000, LENGTH = 0x100
RAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40002200, LENGTH = 0x00005D6F
STACKRAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40007E80, LENGTH = 4
}

/* Section Definitions */
SECTIONS
{
/* first section is .text which is used for code */
BOOTCODE :
{
crt0.o (.text)
} > BOOTROM

. = ALIGN(4);

CONFIGS :
{
PROVIDE (_usereeprom = .);
} > FLASHMEM

. = ALIGN(4);

.text :
{
PROVIDE (_usereepromend = .);
*(.text) /* remaining code */
*(.rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
*(.rodata*)
*(.glue_7)
*(.glue_7t)
} > ROM

. = ALIGN(1024);
_etext = . ;
PROVIDE (etext = .);
. = ALIGN(4);

/* .data section which is used for initialized data */
.data : AT (_etext)
{
_data = .;
*(.data)
} > RAM

. = ALIGN(4);
_edata = . ;
PROVIDE (edata = .);
. = ALIGN(4);

/* .bss section which is used for uninitialized data */
.bss (NOLOAD) :
{
__bss_start = . ;
__bss_start__ = . ;
*(.bss)
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4);
} > RAM

. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_end__ = . ;
PROVIDE (__bss_end = .);

_end = . ;
PROVIDE (end = .);

.stack :
{
PROVIDE (_stack = .);
} > STACKRAM

.usercode :
{
PROVIDE (_userboot = .);
. += 0x20;
PROVIDE (_usersignature = .);
. += 0x10;
PROVIDE (_userchecksum = .);
. += 4;
PROVIDE (_userimagelen = .);
} > USERROM

/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
/* DWARF debug sections.
Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
of the section so we begin them at 0. */
/* DWARF 1 */
.debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
.debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
.debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
/* DWARF 2 */
.debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
.debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
.debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
.debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
.debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
.debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
.debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
.debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
.debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
}
/* Libraries to link against. */
INPUT( -lc -lstdc -lgcc );
============================ snip =========================
The above loader is "aware" of the location of the main application code
(.usercode) via the way the memory map is described. That script is
totally aware of the full system mapping.

======================== begin APPLICATION.ld ==================/***********************************************************************/
/* */
/* ROM.ld: Linker Script File */
/* */
/***********************************************************************/
SEARCH_DIR( ./)
SEARCH_DIR( ../libs )

ENTRY(_boot)

/* Memory Definitions */
MEMORY
{
ROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00018000, LENGTH = 0x00027fff
RAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40000210, LENGTH = 0x00007d6f
STACKRAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40007f80, LENGTH = 4
}

/* Section Definitions */
SECTIONS
{
/* first section is .text which is used for code */
.text :
{
crt0.o (.text)
*(.rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
*(.rodata*)
*(.glue_7)
*(.glue_7t)
*(.text) /* remaining code */
} > ROM

. = ALIGN(4);
_etext = . ;
PROVIDE (etext = .);

/* .data section which is used for initialized data */
.data : AT (_etext)
{
_data = .;
*(.data)
} > RAM

. = ALIGN(4);
_edata = . ;
PROVIDE (edata = .);

/* .bss section which is used for uninitialized data */
.bss (NOLOAD) :
{
__bss_start = . ;
__bss_start__ = . ;
*(.bss)
*(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4);
} > RAM

. = ALIGN(4);
__bss_end__ = . ;
PROVIDE (__bss_end = .);

_end = . ;
PROVIDE (end = .);

.stack :
{
PROVIDE (_stack = .);
} > STACKRAM

/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
/* DWARF debug sections.
Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the beginning
of the section so we begin them at 0. */
/* DWARF 1 */
.debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
.line 0 : { *(.line) }
/* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
.debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
.debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
/* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
.debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
.debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
/* DWARF 2 */
.debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
.debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
.debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
.debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
.debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
.debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
.debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
.debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
.debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
.debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
}
/* Libraries to link against. */
INPUT( -lc -lstdc -lgcc );
======================== snip =============================
The application script has a narrow view of the memory map. It does not
know about the Flash memory below 0x18000.

FWIW, the linker scripts are the key to building a resident bootloader.
You have to describe how the memory map structured for you to take
control of your build process.
Regards,

TomW
--
Tom Walsh - WN3L - Embedded Systems Consultant
http://openhardware.net, http://cyberiansoftware.com
"Windows? No thanks, I have work to do..."
----------------
Tom Walsh wrote:

> jaybrinkmeyer wrote:
>
> > Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
> > bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup? I
> > found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.
> >
> > Thanks,
> > Jay
> >
> entirely seperate, autonomous programs for this: bootloader and
> application. For example, this is my linker scripts for one of the
> projects:
>
This settings on this group are nasty.

If I send mail as HTML to keep the indentation formatting, it gets
bounced. When I send it as text with leading tabs, the message gets
screwed over by removing leading tabs, and then the resulting mess gets
sent as HTML anyway...

There has to be a better setting that the moderators could use? The
g... allows HTML, so, this group's setting and not
mine, does it not?

Or, do you have to sed the doc to translate the tabstops into spaces?

TomW

--
Tom Walsh - WN3L - Embedded Systems Consultant
http://openhardware.net, http://cyberiansoftware.com
"Windows? No thanks, I have work to do..."
----------------
On 31/07/2006 at 04:46:28 -0400 Tom Walsh Wrote:
> Tom Walsh wrote:
>
> This settings on this group are nasty.
>
> If I send mail as HTML to keep the indentation formatting, it gets
> bounced. When I send it as text with leading tabs, the message gets
> screwed over by removing leading tabs, and then the resulting mess gets
> sent as HTML anyway...
>
> There has to be a better setting that the moderators could use? The
> g... allows HTML, so, this group's setting and not
> mine, does it not?
>
> Or, do you have to sed the doc to translate the tabstops into spaces?

Hi Tom,

I'm using the vim editor in Linux for write mails (mutt+vim) and code.
Vim allow translate tabs to spaces easily with the ":retab" command.

Look the following link ("Tip #12: Converting tabs to spaces"):

http://www.vim.org/tips/tip.php?tip_id

Regards,
Boris Estudiez.-

--

Contacteme en:
* Mail(1): stk freeshell.org
* Mail(2): 43824 electronica.frc.utn.edu.ar
* Mail(3): slicetex hotpop.com
* Website: http://stk.freeshell.org
EOF
Tom,

Thanks for the reply. My original question was probably way too broad
and maybe I didn't ask it correctly?

The current setup (see below) uses a startup file written in ARM
assembly (something I'm not well versed in). It sets up various basic
things (like chip settings and sys stack) and then jumps into the C
main function. What I'd like to do is leave the jump to main intact,
but also check nvram for a var and optionally jump to RAM resident FW
update C code.

I don't think this sort thing requires disclosure of anything
proprietary as it should be pretty basic.

Regards,
Jay

Chip:
LPC213x

Build environment:
Keil uVision

Runtime:
Home grown RTOS written in C

RAM:
"C" FW update code (complied in ARM mode).
Gets FW image via i2c (once started this trashes RTOS RAM space)

ARM Startup:
Jump to C main() function.

--- In l..., Tom Walsh wrote:
>
> jaybrinkmeyer wrote:
>
> > Can someone point me at sample /open source code for lpc213x
> > bootloader that branches to FW update or normal C main at startup? I
> > found lots of discussion in the archives, but no example code.
> >
> > Thanks,
> > Jay
> > Yes, and it probably will remain that way, as a discussion and not as
> examples. Mainly due to the unique nature of projects / applications
> and the hardware available / strategy for the loader.
>
> I have a loader which is multipurpose, it can be run from a command
line
> to do the initial programming of the loader into the LPC2136 and
LPC2138
> chips (host processors). The same source is compiled under arm-elf-gcc
> (#ifdef __ARM__) to become the resident loader itself. This loader
uses
> the RDCF2 filesystem and SD / miniSD SPI cards to pull in the images.
> One project only has an LPC2136, another has both an LP2138 and
> LPC2106. In the dual core situation, the resident loader uses the ISP
> calls to program the LPC2106, and IAP to program the host (LPC2138).
> IAP calls are used on the LPC2136 variation.
>
> The loader looks at a memory location in the Application Flash area to
> find a signature, if the signature is there, it simply boots the app.
> With a missing signature, or, a pin grounded to force the programming
> cycle, the resident loader goes through the necessary motions to
program
> the system. The main application within the LPC2136 / LPC2138 hosts
> will erase their Flash memory block containing the signature bytes,
then
> force a hard reset of the system, when the system comes up, the
resident
> loader programs the Flash as the signatures are now missing.
>
> Some (most?) of the people on this list are hobbyists and are eager to
> share their code with you, perhaps one of them would do so. Myself, I
> am a consultant and sell what I write to customers, I am not so
eager to
> dump entire bodies of code I've spend months perfecting for public
> view. Especially since a Dallas DS2505 security device is integrated
> into that Bootloader...
>
> I would suggest that you sit down, grab a pencil and start mapping out
> where what resides. For my system, the resident bootloader is the
first
> body of code in Flash, it also has 3 4K Flash block within it for param
> storage, etc. The boot loader occupies 96K, from 0x0..0x17FFF, the
main
> application runs from 0x18000..top of flash.
>
> Concentrate on programming the application area of flash via IAP calls,
> you will probably need an SD card or some other resource for the
image.
> You will need to study and change your linker script to locate the
> various code sections into their proper areas. You will be writing two
> entirely seperate, autonomous programs for this: bootloader and
> application. For example, this is my linker scripts for one of the
> projects:
>
> ======================= begin RESIDENT.ld =====================>
/***********************************************************************/
> /*
*/
> /* ROM.ld: Linker Script File
*/
> /*
*/
>
/***********************************************************************/
> SEARCH_DIR( ../libs )
> SEARCH_DIR( ./)
>
> ENTRY(_boot)
>
> /* Memory Definitions */
> /* */
> /* Although Flash memory may move up / down, depending, */
> /* the RAM is fixed as to allocation. */
> /* ISP uses: 0x40000120-0x400001ff */
> /* IAP uses: 0x40007fe0-0x40007fff */
> /* IAP also uses up to 128bytes of user stack space. */
> /* */
> /* */
> MEMORY
> {
> BOOTROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00000000, LENGTH = 0x00000fff
> FLASHMEM (wi) : ORIGIN = 0x00001000, LENGTH = 0x00001fff
> ROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00003000, LENGTH = 0x00014fff
> USERROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00018000, LENGTH = 0x100
> RAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40002200, LENGTH = 0x00005D6F
> STACKRAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40007E80, LENGTH = 4
> }
>
> /* Section Definitions */
> SECTIONS
> {
> /* first section is .text which is used for code */
> BOOTCODE :
> {
> crt0.o (.text)
> } > BOOTROM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
>
> CONFIGS :
> {
> PROVIDE (_usereeprom = .);
> } > FLASHMEM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
>
> .text :
> {
> PROVIDE (_usereepromend = .);
> *(.text) /* remaining code */
> *(.rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
> *(.rodata*)
> *(.glue_7)
> *(.glue_7t)
> } > ROM
>
> . = ALIGN(1024);
> _etext = . ;
> PROVIDE (etext = .);
> . = ALIGN(4);
>
> /* .data section which is used for initialized data */
> .data : AT (_etext)
> {
> _data = .;
> *(.data)
> } > RAM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
> _edata = . ;
> PROVIDE (edata = .);
> . = ALIGN(4);
>
> /* .bss section which is used for uninitialized data */
> .bss (NOLOAD) :
> {
> __bss_start = . ;
> __bss_start__ = . ;
> *(.bss)
> *(COMMON)
> . = ALIGN(4);
> } > RAM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
> __bss_end__ = . ;
> PROVIDE (__bss_end = .);
>
> _end = . ;
> PROVIDE (end = .);
>
> .stack :
> {
> PROVIDE (_stack = .);
> } > STACKRAM
>
> .usercode :
> {
> PROVIDE (_userboot = .);
> . += 0x20;
> PROVIDE (_usersignature = .);
> . += 0x10;
> PROVIDE (_userchecksum = .);
> . += 4;
> PROVIDE (_userimagelen = .);
> } > USERROM
>
> /* Stabs debugging sections. */
> .stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
> .stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
> .stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
> .stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
> .stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
> .stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
> .comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
> /* DWARF debug sections.
> Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the
beginning
> of the section so we begin them at 0. */
> /* DWARF 1 */
> .debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
> .line 0 : { *(.line) }
> /* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
> .debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
> .debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
> /* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
> .debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
> .debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
> /* DWARF 2 */
> .debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
> .debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
> .debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
> .debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
> .debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
> .debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
> .debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
> /* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
> .debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
> .debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
> .debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
> .debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
> }
> /* Libraries to link against. */
> INPUT( -lc -lstdc -lgcc );
> ============================ snip =========================>
> The above loader is "aware" of the location of the main application
code
> (.usercode) via the way the memory map is described. That script is
> totally aware of the full system mapping.
>
> ======================== begin APPLICATION.ld ==================>
/***********************************************************************/
> /*
*/
> /* ROM.ld: Linker Script File
*/
> /*
*/
>
/***********************************************************************/
> SEARCH_DIR( ./)
> SEARCH_DIR( ../libs )
>
> ENTRY(_boot)
>
> /* Memory Definitions */
> MEMORY
> {
> ROM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x00018000, LENGTH = 0x00027fff
> RAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40000210, LENGTH = 0x00007d6f
> STACKRAM (rw) : ORIGIN = 0x40007f80, LENGTH = 4
> }
>
> /* Section Definitions */
> SECTIONS
> {
> /* first section is .text which is used for code */
> .text :
> {
> crt0.o (.text)
> *(.rodata) /* read-only data (constants) */
> *(.rodata*)
> *(.glue_7)
> *(.glue_7t)
> *(.text) /* remaining code */
> } > ROM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
> _etext = . ;
> PROVIDE (etext = .);
>
> /* .data section which is used for initialized data */
> .data : AT (_etext)
> {
> _data = .;
> *(.data)
> } > RAM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
> _edata = . ;
> PROVIDE (edata = .);
>
> /* .bss section which is used for uninitialized data */
> .bss (NOLOAD) :
> {
> __bss_start = . ;
> __bss_start__ = . ;
> *(.bss)
> *(COMMON)
> . = ALIGN(4);
> } > RAM
>
> . = ALIGN(4);
> __bss_end__ = . ;
> PROVIDE (__bss_end = .);
>
> _end = . ;
> PROVIDE (end = .);
>
> .stack :
> {
> PROVIDE (_stack = .);
> } > STACKRAM
>
> /* Stabs debugging sections. */
> .stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
> .stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
> .stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
> .stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
> .stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
> .stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
> .comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
> /* DWARF debug sections.
> Symbols in the DWARF debugging sections are relative to the
beginning
> of the section so we begin them at 0. */
> /* DWARF 1 */
> .debug 0 : { *(.debug) }
> .line 0 : { *(.line) }
> /* GNU DWARF 1 extensions */
> .debug_srcinfo 0 : { *(.debug_srcinfo) }
> .debug_sfnames 0 : { *(.debug_sfnames) }
> /* DWARF 1.1 and DWARF 2 */
> .debug_aranges 0 : { *(.debug_aranges) }
> .debug_pubnames 0 : { *(.debug_pubnames) }
> /* DWARF 2 */
> .debug_info 0 : { *(.debug_info .gnu.linkonce.wi.*) }
> .debug_abbrev 0 : { *(.debug_abbrev) }
> .debug_line 0 : { *(.debug_line) }
> .debug_frame 0 : { *(.debug_frame) }
> .debug_str 0 : { *(.debug_str) }
> .debug_loc 0 : { *(.debug_loc) }
> .debug_macinfo 0 : { *(.debug_macinfo) }
> /* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
> .debug_weaknames 0 : { *(.debug_weaknames) }
> .debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
> .debug_typenames 0 : { *(.debug_typenames) }
> .debug_varnames 0 : { *(.debug_varnames) }
> }
> /* Libraries to link against. */
> INPUT( -lc -lstdc -lgcc );
> ======================== snip =============================>
> The application script has a narrow view of the memory map. It does
not
> know about the Flash memory below 0x18000.
>
> FWIW, the linker scripts are the key to building a resident bootloader.
> You have to describe how the memory map structured for you to take
> control of your build process.
> Regards,
>
> TomW
> --
> Tom Walsh - WN3L - Embedded Systems Consultant
> http://openhardware.net, http://cyberiansoftware.com
> "Windows? No thanks, I have work to do..."
> ----------------
>