Introduction to Microcontrollers - Further Beginnings
Embedded Programming Basics
This tutorial entry will discuss some further embedded programming basics that you will need to understand before proceeding on to the LED blinky and other example programs. We will do this by looking at the general organization and types of instructions found in most microcontrollers, and how that organization and those instructions are reflected (or, in some cases, ignored) by the C programming language.
Basic CPU...Introduction to Microcontrollers - Beginnings
Welcome to this Introduction to Microcontroller Programming tutorial series. If you are looking to learn the basics of embedded programming for microcontrollers (and a bit of embedded hardware design as well), I hope these tutorials will help you along that journey. These are my first postings here, and I am writing this tutorial series because over the years I have seen countless newbies asking the same questions and tripping over the same stumbling blocks, and I thought I might be able to...
Intro to Microcontrollers Part 2: AVR Microcontrollers
Introduction
This is part 2 of my playing around with AVR microcontrollers. Last time, I had a basic setup which could program an AVR using the Arduino ISP. I used it to drive a simple 7-segment, multiplexed 4-digit LED display. This is a follow up where I try out some of the other features the ATTiny24A has to offer. I also decided to invest some money in an AVR Dragon programmer/debugger so I'll go over some basic playing and setup with this device. I'll also discuss some of the problems...
MSP430 LaunchPad Tutorial - Part 4 - UART Transmission
Today we are going to learn how to communicate using UART with the Launchpad. For this purpose I will replace the default microcontroller that comes with the board with the MSP430G2553. It is the most powerful device in the MSP430 Value Line and it comes with an integrated hardware UART module, along with 16 Kb of Flash memory, 512 bytes of SRAM and an 8-channel, 10 bit ADC.
UART communication can be useful when dealing with sensors: as a basic example, we could...
MSP430 LaunchPad Tutorial - Part 3 - ADC
In this new episode of our journey into MSP430 I will explain the basics of Analog to Digital Conversion on the MSP430G2231.We will write a program that will read an ADC channel and will toggle some leds based on the result of the conversion.
We start as usual with the inclusion of the header file for the MSP430G2231, the leds stuff and with the definition of a variable that will store the result of the conversion. We also declare a function that will initialize the ADC...
MSP430 Launchpad Tutorial - Part 2 - Interrupts and timers
What is an "interrupt"? It is a signal that informs our MCU that a certain event has happened, causing the interruption of the normal flow of the main program and the execution of an "interrupt routine", that handles the event and takes a specified action.
Interrupts are essential to avoid wasting the processor's valuable time in polling loops, waiting for external events (in fact they are used in Real-Time Operating Systems,
An Introduction to Embedded Development
This blog is a series to provide an introduction to embedded development for the aspiring embedded developer. No prior embedded development experience will be assumed, but you should have a reasonable understanding of the C language and knowledge of basic electronics. It will focus on the TI MSP430, but present topics in a generic way that can be easily translated to other processors. Welcome!Hello, and welcome to my blog! This blog will be somewhat different from most...
MSP430 Launchpad Tutorial - Part 1 - Basics
TI's LaunchPad is a complete MSP430 development environment: all you have to do is download and install CCS IDE (login required), connect your G2231-ready LaunchPad to your computer with the included mini-usb cable, and you are ready to code!
Texas Instrument MSP430 LaunchPadSo, let's see how to start a new project in Code Composer Studio. This IDE is derived from Eclipse, so if you used it before you shouldn't have much problems.
We'll write a simple program that will...
Endianness and Serial Communication
Endianness is a consideration that is easily overlooked in the design of embedded systems. I myself am amply guilty of this oversight. It’s something you don’t ever have to worry about if you’re only working with a single processor or two processors that have the same endianness. You can even avoid it if you have two processors that have different endianness but never transmit data between themselves that consists of more than one byte. It’s easy to lull...
C Programming Techniques: Function Call Inlining
Introduction
Abstraction is a key to manage software systems as they increase in size and complexity. As shown in a previous post, abstraction requires a developper to clearly define a software interface for both data and functions, and eventually hide the underlying implementation.When using the C language, the interface is often exposed in a header '.h' file, while the implementation is put in one or more corresponding '.c' files.
First, separating an interface from its...
Which MOSFET topology?
A recent electronics.StackExchange question brings up a good topic for discussion. Let's say you have a power supply and a 2-wire load you want to be able to switch on and off from the power supply using a MOSFET. How do you choose which circuit topology to choose? You basically have four options, shown below:
From left to right, these are:
High-side switch, N-channel MOSFET High-side switch, P-channel MOSFET Low-side switch, N-channel...Energia - program a TI MSP430 using Arduino sketches
TI MSP430 Launchpad
I started tinkering with microcontroller a couple of years ago with an Arduino Uno. I had a little experience with C, so programming in the Arduino environment has been relatively easy and straightforward for me. My code is not necessarily elegant or efficient, but I can usually figure out how to make an Arduino do what I want it to do eventually. A lot of credit to the Arduino userbase, as it is very easy to figure most things out with a quick Google...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - More Timers and Displays
Building Your World Around TimersBy now you have seen four different ways to use timers in your programs. Next we will look at some ways to produce the effect of multiple parallel streams of work in your program with the help of timers. This effect is only an appearance, not a reality, since a single microcontroller (one core) can only run a single thread of code. However, since microcontrollers are so fast in relation to a great many of the tasks to...
Real-time clocks: Does anybody really know what time it is?
We recently started writing software to make use of a real-time clock IC, and found to our chagrin that the chip was missing a rather useful function, namely elapsed time in seconds since the standard epoch (January 1, 1970, midnight UTC).Let me back up a second.A real-time clock/calendar (RTC) is a micropower chip that has an oscillator on it that keeps counting time, independent of main system power. Usually this is done with a lithium battery that can power the RTC for years, so that even...
AI at the Edge - Can I run a neural network in a resource-constrained device?
Hello Related Communities,
This is my first time blogging since joining Stephane in November. He and I were at Embedded World together and he asked me to write about some of the important trends as they relate to all of you. I expect to post others in the near future, but the biggest trend in the embedded space was all of the activity around artificial intelligence (AI) at the edge.
This trend caught me a bit by surprise. I have been doing a lot of reading about AI over the last...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - Adding Some Real-World Hardware
When 2 LEDs Just Don't Cut It AnymoreSo far, we've done everything in this series using two LEDs and one button. I'm guessing that the thrill of blinking an LED has worn off by now, hard as that is to imagine. What's more, we've just about reached the limits of what we can learn with such limited I/O. We have come to the point where we need to add some hardware to our setup to continue with additional concepts and microcontroller...
Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
Articles in this series:
- Coding Step 0 - Development Environments
- Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
- Coding Step 2 - Source Control
- Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements
- Coding Step 4 - Design
Step 0 discussed how to install GCC and the make utility with the expectation of writing and compiling your first C program. In this article, I discuss how to use those tools we installed last time. Specifically, how to use GCC to compile a C program and...
Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements
Articles in this series:
- Coding Step 0 - Development Environments
- Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
- Coding Step 2- Source Control
- Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements
- Coding Step 4 - Design
If this series of articles has been light on one thing it's 'coding'. If it's been light on two things the second is 'embedded'. In three articles I haven't gotten past Hello World on a desktop PC. That changes (slowly) with this article. In this article I'll...
C++ on microcontrollers 4 – input pins, and decoding a rotary switch
This blog series is about the use of C++ for modern microcontrollers. My plan is to show the gradual development of a basic I/O library. I will introduce the object-oriented C++ features that are used step by step, to provide a gentle yet practical introduction into C++ for C programmers. Reader input is very much appreciated, you might even steer me in the direction you find most interesting.
So far I...
Favorite Tools: C++11 std::array
Many embedded software and firmware projects must be developed to high standards of reliability. To meet these reliability requirements, firmware project teams will consider many design tradeoffs. For example, an engineering team may avoid or outright ban the use of dynamic memory allocation, a feature typically accessed via the C library call "malloc" or the C++ allocator "new". When authoring software under such...
Coding Step 2 - Source Control
Articles in this series:
- Coding Step 0 - Development Environments
- Coding Step 1 - Hello World and Makefiles
- Coding Step 2 - Source Control
- Coding Step 3 - High-Level Requirements
- Coding Step 4 - Design
When I first started out in programming, version control was not an introductory topic. Not in the least because it required a 'server' (ie, a computer which a teenaged me couldn't afford) but because it seemed difficult and only useful to teams rather than...
VHDL tutorial - combining clocked and sequential logic
In an earlier article on VHDL programming ("VHDL tutorial" and "VHDL tutorial - part 2 - Testbench", I described a design for providing a programmable clock divider for a ADC sequencer. In this example, I showed how to generate a clock signal (ADCClk), that was to be programmable over a series of fixed rates (20MHz, 10MHz, 4MHz, 2MHz, 1MHz and 400KHz), given a master clock rate of 40MHz. A reader of that article had written to ask if it was possible to extend the design to...
Cortex-M Exception Handling (Part 1)
This article describes how Cortex-M processors handle interrupts and, more generally, exceptions, a concept that plays a central role in the design and implementation of most embedded systems. The main reason of discussing this topic in detail is that, in the past few years, the degree of sophistication (and complexity) of microcontrollers in handling interrupts steadily increased, bringing them on a par with general-purpose processors.
Energia - program a TI MSP430 using Arduino sketches
TI MSP430 LaunchpadI started tinkering with microcontroller a couple of years ago with an Arduino Uno. I had a little experience with C, so programming in the Arduino environment has been relatively easy and straightforward for me. My code is not necessarily elegant or efficient, but I can usually figure out how to make an Arduino do what I want it to do eventually. A lot of credit to the Arduino userbase, as it is very easy to figure most things out with a quick Google...
Using XML to describe embedded devices (and speak to them)
This article discusses one of the typical development cycles in embedded device and communication design and presents a possible, light weight solution using the free DClib/netpp framework.
The challengeAssume we're faced with the design of an embedded device, be it a simple SoC unit or a more complex, uC controlled engine with various attached peripherals. From first prototype to the market, the following development cycle is typically walked through:
Favorite Tools: C++11 std::array
Many embedded software and firmware projects must be developed to high standards of reliability. To meet these reliability requirements, firmware project teams will consider many design tradeoffs. For example, an engineering team may avoid or outright ban the use of dynamic memory allocation, a feature typically accessed via the C library call "malloc" or the C++ allocator "new". When authoring software under such...
Real-time clocks: Does anybody really know what time it is?
We recently started writing software to make use of a real-time clock IC, and found to our chagrin that the chip was missing a rather useful function, namely elapsed time in seconds since the standard epoch (January 1, 1970, midnight UTC).Let me back up a second.A real-time clock/calendar (RTC) is a micropower chip that has an oscillator on it that keeps counting time, independent of main system power. Usually this is done with a lithium battery that can power the RTC for years, so that even...
Introduction to Microcontrollers - More Timers and Displays
Building Your World Around TimersBy now you have seen four different ways to use timers in your programs. Next we will look at some ways to produce the effect of multiple parallel streams of work in your program with the help of timers. This effect is only an appearance, not a reality, since a single microcontroller (one core) can only run a single thread of code. However, since microcontrollers are so fast in relation to a great many of the tasks to...
How to make a heap profiler
We'll see how to make a heap profiler. Example code for this post makes up heapprof, a working 250-line heap profiler for programs using malloc/free.
It works out of the box on Linux (tested on "real" programs like gdb and python). The main point though is being easy to port and modify to suit your needs. The code, build and test scripts are at github.
Why roll your own heap profiler?
- It's easy! And fun, if you're that sort of person. What, not reasons enough? OK, how...
Cortex-M Exception Handling (Part 2)
The first part of this article described the conditions for an exception request to be accepted by a Cortex-M processor, mainly concerning the relationship of its priority with respect to the current execution priority. This part will describe instead what happens after an exception request is accepted and becomes active.
PROCESSOR OPERATION AND PRIVILEGE MODEBefore discussing in detail the sequence of actions that occurs within the processor after an exception request...
